一、内容概述
实现Android 设备作为 BLE 从机(Server),功能包括:开启 BLE 广播,让其他设备能扫描到
搭建 GATT 服务结构(服务 + 读写特征 + 标准描述符)
处理客户端的读写请求
监听连接状态、MTU 协商
正确释放资源,避免崩溃
二、核心知识点(必看)
BLE 服务端 = 广播 + GATT Server
GattServer 通过 BluetoothManager 创建(非 Adapter)
CCC 描述符 UUID 固定:00002902-xxxx(通知必须用)
MTU 最大 512,客户端主动请求,服务端仅监听
所有读写请求必须调用 sendResponse () 回复
高版本安卓必须动态申请蓝牙权限
三、第一步:配置权限
(在AndroidManifest.xml中添加)必须完整添加,缺少任何一个都会导致崩溃或功能异常:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><manifestxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"> <!-- BLE 基础权限 --> <uses-permissionandroid:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" /> <uses-permissionandroid:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" /> <!-- Android 12+ 蓝牙新权限(必须) --> <uses-permissionandroid:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE" /> <uses-permissionandroid:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT" /> <!-- 声明设备支持 BLE --> <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.bluetooth_le" android:required="true" /> <application ...> <activity android:name=".BleServerActivity" android:exported="true"> <intent-filter> <actionandroid:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <categoryandroid:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" /> </intent-filter> </activity> </application></manifest>
四、第二步:完整可运行代码
创建 BleServerActivity.kt,直接复制即可运行:
import android.annotation.SuppressLintimport android.bluetooth.*import android.bluetooth.le.*import android.content.Contextimport android.os.Bundleimport android.os.ParcelUuidimport android.widget.Toastimport androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivityimport java.util.UUIDclass BleServerActivity : AppCompatActivity() { // ======================== 1. BLE UUID 定义 ======================== // 主服务UUID(可自定义) private val SERVICE_UUID = UUID.fromString("0000ffe0-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb") // 读特征UUID private val READ_CHAR_UUID = UUID.fromString("0000ffe1-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb") // 写特征UUID private val WRITE_CHAR_UUID = UUID.fromString("0000ffe2-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb") // CCC描述符UUID(固定标准!不可修改) private val CCC_DESCRIPTOR_UUID = UUID.fromString("00002902-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb") // ======================== 2. BLE核心对象 ======================== private var bluetoothManager: BluetoothManager? = null private var bluetoothAdapter: BluetoothAdapter? = null private var bleAdvertiser: BluetoothLeAdvertiser? = null private var gattServer: BluetoothGattServer? = null override funonCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_ble_server) // 执行三大核心步骤 initBluetooth() // 1. 初始化蓝牙 startBleAdvertising() // 2. 开启广播 createGattServer() // 3. 创建GATT服务端 } // ======================== 3. 初始化蓝牙 ======================== private funinitBluetooth() { // 获取系统蓝牙管理器 bluetoothManager = getSystemService(Context.BLUETOOTH_SERVICE) as BluetoothManager // 获取蓝牙适配器 bluetoothAdapter = bluetoothManager?.adapter // 自动打开蓝牙 if (bluetoothAdapter?.isEnabled == false) { bluetoothAdapter?.enable() } // 获取广播器 bleAdvertiser = bluetoothAdapter?.bluetoothLeAdvertiser } // ======================== 4. 开启BLE广播 ======================== @SuppressLint("MissingPermission") private funstartBleAdvertising() { // 广播参数配置 val settings = AdvertiseSettings.Builder() .setAdvertiseMode(AdvertiseSettings.ADVERTISE_MODE_LOW_LATENCY) // 低延迟 .setConnectable(true) // 允许连接 .setTimeout(0) // 持续广播 .build() // 广播数据(携带服务UUID) val data = AdvertiseData.Builder() .setIncludeDeviceName(true) // 广播设备名 .addServiceUuid(ParcelUuid(SERVICE_UUID)) // 广播服务UUID .build() // 启动广播 bleAdvertiser?.startAdvertising(settings, data, object : AdvertiseCallback() { override funonStartSuccess(settingsInEffect: AdvertiseSettings?) { showToast("广播启动成功,等待设备连接") } override funonStartFailure(errorCode: Int) { showToast("广播启动失败,错误码:$errorCode") } }) } // ======================== 5. 创建GATT服务端(核心!) ======================== @SuppressLint("MissingPermission") private funcreateGattServer() { // ✅ 正确方式:通过BluetoothManager创建GattServer gattServer = bluetoothManager?.openGattServer(this, gattServerCallback) // 1. 创建主服务 val service = BluetoothGattService( SERVICE_UUID, BluetoothGattService.SERVICE_TYPE_PRIMARY ) // 2. 创建【可读特征】 val readChar = BluetoothGattCharacteristic( READ_CHAR_UUID, BluetoothGattCharacteristic.PROPERTY_READ, // 属性:可读 BluetoothGattCharacteristic.PERMISSION_READ // 权限:可读 ) // 3. 创建【可写+可通知特征】 val writeChar = BluetoothGattCharacteristic( WRITE_CHAR_UUID, BluetoothGattCharacteristic.PROPERTY_WRITE or BluetoothGattCharacteristic.PROPERTY_NOTIFY, BluetoothGattCharacteristic.PERMISSION_WRITE ) // 4. 添加标准CCC描述符(通知功能必须) val descriptor = BluetoothGattDescriptor( CCC_DESCRIPTOR_UUID, BluetoothGattDescriptor.PERMISSION_READ or BluetoothGattDescriptor.PERMISSION_WRITE ) writeChar.addDescriptor(descriptor) // 5. 层级组装:特征 → 服务 → 服务端 service.addCharacteristic(readChar) service.addCharacteristic(writeChar) gattServer?.addService(service) showToast("GATT服务创建完成") } // ======================== 6. GATT服务端回调(通信核心) ======================== private val gattServerCallback = object : BluetoothGattServerCallback() { // 1. 连接状态改变(连接/断开) override funonConnectionStateChange(device: BluetoothDevice?, status: Int, newState: Int) { super.onConnectionStateChange(device, status, newState) when (newState) { BluetoothProfile.STATE_CONNECTED -> runOnUiThread { showToast("设备已连接") } BluetoothProfile.STATE_DISCONNECTED -> runOnUiThread { showToast("设备已断开") } } } // 2. MTU协商结果(服务端只能接收,不能主动设置) override funonMtuChanged(device: BluetoothDevice?, mtu: Int, status: Int) { super.onMtuChanged(device, mtu, status) runOnUiThread { showToast("MTU=$mtu,有效数据=${mtu-3}") } } // 3. 客户端【读】请求 override funonCharacteristicReadRequest( device: BluetoothDevice?, requestId: Int, offset: Int, characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic? ) { super.onCharacteristicReadRequest(device, requestId, offset, characteristic) // 回复数据给客户端(必须调用) val responseData = "我是BLE服务端的读数据".toByteArray() gattServer?.sendResponse( device, requestId, BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS, offset, responseData ) } // 4. 客户端【写】请求 override funonCharacteristicWriteRequest( device: BluetoothDevice?, requestId: Int, characteristic: BluetoothGattCharacteristic?, preparedWrite: Boolean, responseNeeded: Boolean, offset: Int, value: ByteArray? ) { super.onCharacteristicWriteRequest(device, requestId, characteristic, preparedWrite, responseNeeded, offset, value) // 接收客户端发来的数据 val receiveMsg = String(value ?: byteArrayOf()) runOnUiThread { showToast("收到数据:$receiveMsg") } // 必须回复响应 gattServer?.sendResponse( device, requestId, BluetoothGatt.GATT_SUCCESS, offset, null ) } } // ======================== 7. 释放资源(必须) ======================== @SuppressLint("MissingPermission") override funonDestroy() { super.onDestroy() // 停止广播 bleAdvertiser?.stopAdvertising(object : AdvertiseCallback() {}) // 关闭GattServer gattServer?.close() } // 工具方法:显示Toast private funshowToast(msg: String) { runOnUiThread { Toast.makeText(this, msg, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show() } }}
五、代码流程详细讲解(对应代码编写步骤)
1. 初始化蓝牙
获取BluetoothManager(系统服务)
获取BluetoothAdapter(蓝牙核心)
自动开启蓝牙
2. 开启广播
使用BluetoothLeAdvertiser开启广播
配置为可连接、持续广播
广播设备名 + 服务 UUID,让客户端能扫描识别
3. 创建 GattServer(最关键)
通过 BluetoothManager 调用 openGattServer ()传入回调,处理所有通信,系统自动启动
4. 构建服务结构
Service(服务):功能集合
Characteristic(特征):通信通道(读 / 写)
Descriptor(描述符):固定 2902,用于开启通知
5. 通信回调处理
onConnectionStateChange:监听连接
onMtuChanged:获取 MTU
onCharacteristicReadRequest:处理读
onCharacteristicWriteRequest:处理写
所有请求必须 sendResponse ()
6. 资源释放
页面销毁时:停止广播 + 关闭 GattServer
避免内存泄漏、蓝牙异常
六、必须记住的注意事项
CCC 描述符 UUID 固定 00002902,不能自定义
GattServer 只能由 BluetoothManager 创建
MTU 最大 512,客户端请求,服务端不可主动设置
读写请求必须回复 sendResponse ()
Android 12+ 必须申请BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE、BLUETOOTH_CONNECT
BLE 服务运行在主线程,耗时操作需开子线程
退出页面必须释放资源
七、测试方法
安装本 App 到一部安卓手机
打开另一部手机,使用BLE 调试助手
扫描到当前设备,连接
可进行读、写操作,验证通信