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UK Competition Act 1998, Chapter II – Abuse of Dominant Position

Section 18 – Abuse of dominant position

(1) Subject to section 19, any conduct on the part of one or more undertakings which amounts to the abuse of a dominant position in a market is prohibited if it may affect trade within the United Kingdom.

(2) Conduct may, in particular, constitute such an abuse if it consists in—

(a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions;

(b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers;

(c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;

(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of the contracts.

(3) In this section—

“dominant position” means a dominant position within the United Kingdom; and

“the United Kingdom” means the United Kingdom or any part of it.

(4) The prohibition imposed by subsection (1) is referred to in this Act as “the Chapter II prohibition”.

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Article 102 (ex Article 82 TEC)

Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the internal market or in a substantial part of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the internal market in so far as it may affect trade between Member States.

Such abuse may, in particular, consist in:

(a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions;

(b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers;

(c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;

(d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.

英国《1998年竞争法》第二章 – 滥用市场支配地位

第18条 滥用市场支配地位

(1) 在不违反第19条的前提下，如果一个或多个企业的任何行为构成对某一市场中支配地位的滥用，且该行为可能影响联合王国境内的贸易，则该行为应予禁止。

(2) 下列行为尤其可能构成此种滥用——

(a) 直接或间接施加不公平的购买或销售价格，或其他不公平的交易条件；

(b) 限制生产、市场或技术发展，从而损害消费者利益；

(c) 对与其他交易方的同等交易适用不同的条件，从而使其处于竞争劣势；

(d) 使合同的订立取决于其他当事方接受附加义务，而该等附加义务依其性质或商业惯例与合同标的无关。

(3) 在本条中——

“支配地位”系指在联合王国境内的支配地位；以及“联合王国”系指联合王国或其任何部分。

(4) 第(1)款所设之禁止性规定在本法中称为“第二章禁令”。

《欧盟运行条约》

第102条（原《欧共体条约》第82条）

一个或多个企业在内部市场或其重要部分滥用支配地位的行为，在可能影响成员国之间贸易的范围内，应被禁止，因其与内部市场不相容。

此类滥用尤其可能表现为：

(a) 直接或间接施加不公平的购买或销售价格，或其他不公平的交易条件；

(b) 限制生产、市场或技术发展，从而损害消费者利益；

(c) 对与其他交易方的同等交易适用不同的条件，从而使其处于竞争劣势；

(d) 使合同的订立取决于其他当事方接受附加义务，而该等附加义务依其性质或商业惯例与合同标的无关。

15 U.S.C. § 1114 (Lanham Act § 32) — Remedies; infringement; innocent infringement by printers and publishers

§1114. Remedies; infringement; innocent infringement by printers and publishers

(1) Any person who shall, without the consent of the registrant—

(a) use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or

(b) reproduce, counterfeit, copy, or colorably imitate a registered mark and apply such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements intended to be used in commerce upon or in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive,

shall be liable in a civil action by the registrant for the remedies hereinafter provided. Under subsection (b) hereof, the registrant shall not be entitled to recover profits or damages unless the acts have been committed with knowledge that such imitation is intended to be used to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.

As used in this paragraph, the term "any person" includes the United States, all agencies and instrumentalities thereof, and all individuals, firms, corporations, or other persons acting for the United States and with the authorization and consent of the United States, and any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity. The United States, all agencies and instrumentalities thereof, and all individuals, firms, corporations, other persons acting for the United States and with the authorization and consent of the United States, and any State, and any such instrumentality, officer, or employee, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity.

(2) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the remedies given to the owner of a right infringed under this chapter or to a person bringing an action under section 1125(a) or (d) of this title shall be limited as follows:

(A) Where an infringer or violator is engaged solely in the business of printing the mark or violating matter for others and establishes that he or she was an innocent infringer or innocent violator, the owner of the right infringed or person bringing the action under section 1125(a) of this title shall be entitled as against such infringer or violator only to an injunction against future printing.

(B) Where the infringement or violation complained of is contained in or is part of paid advertising matter in a newspaper, magazine, or other similar periodical or in an electronic communication as defined in section 2510(12) of title 18, the remedies of the owner of the right infringed or person bringing the action under section 1125(a) of this title as against the publisher or distributor of such newspaper, magazine, or other similar periodical or electronic communication shall be limited to an injunction against the presentation of such advertising matter in future issues of such newspapers, magazines, or other similar periodicals or in future transmissions of such electronic communications. The limitations of this subparagraph shall apply only to innocent infringers and innocent violators.

15 U.S.C. § 1125 (Lanham Act § 43) — False designations of origin, false descriptions, and dilution forbidden

(a) Civil action

(1) Any person who, on or in connection with any goods or services, or any container for goods, uses in commerce any word, term, name, symbol, or device, or any combination thereof, or any false designation of origin, false or misleading description of fact, or false or misleading representation of fact, which—

(A) is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive as to the affiliation, connection, or association of such person with another person, or as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of his or her goods, services, or commercial activities by another person, or

(B) in commercial advertising or promotion, misrepresents the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic origin of his or her or another person’s goods, services, or commercial activities,

shall be liable in a civil action by any person who believes that he or she is or is likely to be damaged by such act.

(2) As used in this subsection, the term “any person” includes any State, instrumentality of a State or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity. Any State, and any such instrumentality, officer, or employee, shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity.

(3) In a civil action for trade dress infringement under this chapter for trade dress not registered on the principal register, the person who asserts trade dress protection has the burden of proving that the matter sought to be protected is not functional.

15 U.S.C. § 1114（《兰哈姆法》第32条）——救济措施；侵权；印刷商与出版商的无辜侵权

§1114. 救济措施；侵权；印刷商与出版商的无辜侵权

(1) 任何人未经注册人同意，有下列行为之一的：

(a) 在商业活动中，将注册商标的任何复制品、仿冒品、仿制品或仿冒性模仿品，用于与任何商品或服务的销售、要约销售、分销或广告宣传相关的场合，或用于与此类商品或服务相关的场合，而该使用有可能造成混淆、误解或欺骗的；或者

(b) 复制、仿冒、仿制或仿冒性模仿注册商标，并将该复制品、仿冒品、仿制品或仿冒性模仿品用于标签、标志、印刷品、包装、包装材料、容器或广告材料上，且该等物品意图在商业活动中用于与商品或服务的销售、要约销售、分销或广告宣传相关的场合，或用于与此类商品或服务相关的场合，而该使用有可能造成混淆、误解或欺骗的，

则注册人可对该人提起民事诉讼，并获得下文规定的救济措施。就本款(b)项而言，注册人无权获得利润赔偿或损害赔偿，除非该等行为是在知晓该模仿品意图被用于造成混淆、误解或欺骗的情况下实施的。

就本款而言，“任何人”一词包括美国、其所有机构及下属单位，以及代表美国且经美国授权和同意的所有个人、企业、公司或其他主体，还包括任何州、州的任何下属单位，以及任何州或其下属单位的任何官员或雇员在其公务职权范围内的行为。美国、其所有机构及下属单位，以及代表美国且经美国授权和同意的所有个人、企业、公司或其他主体，以及任何州及其任何下属单位、官员或雇员，均应以与非政府实体相同的方式和相同的程度受本章规定约束。

(2) 尽管本章有任何其他规定，对于根据本章享有的被侵权权利的所有人，或根据本法第1125条(a)款或(d)款提起诉讼的人，其所获救济措施应限制如下：

(A) 若侵权人或违法行为人仅从事为他人印刷商标或违法内容的业务，并能证明其系无辜侵权人或无辜违法行为人，则被侵权权利的所有人或根据本法第1125条(a)款提起诉讼的人，针对该侵权人或违法行为人仅有权获得禁止未来印刷的禁令。

(B) 若所诉侵权或违法行为包含于报纸、杂志或其他类似期刊的付费广告材料中，或包含于《美国法典》第18编第2510条(12)款所定义的电子通信中，则被侵权权利的所有人或根据本法第1125条(a)款提起诉讼的人，针对该报纸、杂志或其他类似期刊或电子通信的出版者或发行者的救济措施，应仅限于禁止该广告材料在未来期次的该等报纸、杂志或其他类似期刊中呈现，或禁止在未来传输的该等电子通信中呈现。本项(B)目的限制仅适用于无辜侵权人和无辜违法行为人。

15 U.S.C. § 1125（《兰哈姆法》第43条）——禁止虚假原产地标示、虚假描述及淡化

(a) 民事诉讼

(1) 任何人在商业活动中，就任何商品或服务，或任何商品容器，使用任何文字、术语、名称、符号或图形，或其任何组合，或任何虚假的原产地标示，或对事实的虚假或误导性描述，或对事实的虚假或误导性陈述，该使用——

(A) 有可能造成混淆、误解或欺骗，使人误认为该人与他人之间存在关联、联系或联合关系，或误认为其商品、服务或商业活动来源于他人、经他人赞助或认可的；或者

(B) 在商业广告或促销中，对其本人或他人的商品、服务或商业活动的性质、特点、品质或地理来源进行虚假陈述的，

则任何认为其已经或可能因该行为受到损害的人，均可对该行为人提起民事诉讼。

(2) 就本款而言，“任何人”一词包括任何州、州的任何下属单位，或州或其下属单位中在其公务职权范围内行事的任何官员或雇员。任何州及其任何下属单位、官员或雇员，均应以与非政府实体相同的方式和相同的程度受本章规定约束。

(3) 在就未在主簿注册的商业外观提起的本章项下的商业外观侵权民事诉讼中，主张商业外观保护的一方承担证明所寻求保护的内容不具有功能性的举证责任。

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